中國文學史精選片段 (History of Chinese Literature Highlights w/ Eng Sub)

这百年来影响我们的文学史观

This century has influenced our view of literary history

也影响我们对于文学作品跟文学家的判断

It also affects our judgment of literary works and literary scholars

可以说是最有力的一个人

Arguably the most powerful person

那个人就是胡适

That person was Hu Shi

其实就是五四的代表人物之一

In fact, it is one of the representative figures of May Fourth

那各位要注意

Then you should pay attention

他的文学史观到现在依然根深蒂固

His view of literary history is still deeply ingrained to this day

以后我们慢慢在文学史的课堂上面

Later we slowly went to the class of literary history

可能会帮你们澄清一些观念

It may help you clarify some of your ideas

那我印象很深就是去年

That's what impressed me a lot last year

我们谈的白居易简单有提到

The Bai Juyi we talked about is briefly mentioned

结果呢那个班通常没有问题的

As a result, that class usually has no problem

却在那个单元之后有了问题

But there was a problem after that unit

一个男孩男同学跑来问我

A boy's male classmate came up to me and asked me

他说老师你讲的这些白居易

He said teacher you talked about these Bai Juyi

为什么跟我们以前所学的都不一样

Why is it different from what we have learned before

然后我只好说

Then I had to say

我不知道以前你们是受什么教育

I don't know what kind of education you were educated in the past

但是我非常瞭解应该跟我是一样的

But I know very well that it should be the same as me

在那样的教育背景底下

Under that educational background

白居易是不是就是忧国忧民对不对

Bai Juyi is not worried about the country and the people, right?

写讽喻诗嘛有没有

Write satirical poems or not

什么《新丰折臂翁》有没有

What "New Feng Folding Arm Wing" has not

《买花》

"Buy Flowers"

还是你们连这个都没学过

Or you haven't even learned this

不会吧

No way

等等

Wait a minute

所以就觉得他就是杜甫的继承人

Therefore, I felt that he was Du Fu's heir

所以很伟大很怎么样之类

So it's great and so on

但是我们如果从文学史的角度来讲

But if we look at it from the point of view of literary history

也许就不是这个样子

Maybe that's not the case

那或者是从作家的人格来讲

That may be from the personality of the writer

也许也不是这个样子

Maybe not either

所以我在面对这样的一个问题的时候

So I'm facing a problem like this

其实也很无奈

In fact, it is also very helpless

就是说

in other words

原来我们从小到大所受到的国文教育

It turns out that we have received Chinese language education from childhood to adulthood

实际上都不知不觉的

Actually unconsciously

还笼罩在这样的一个五四的文学史观之下

It is still shrouded in such a May Fourth view of literary history

所以他们的史观所进行的取舍跟评价

So the trade-offs and evaluations made by their view of history

如今还在影响着我们对于作家跟作品的判断

Today, it still affects our judgment of writers and works

那到底五四史观是什么呢

So what is the May Fourth view of history?

非常简单

It's very simple

因为那个时代的

Because of that era

这一个全球的流行的这个主流思潮

This is a global trend of mainstream thought

以及当时中国的那ㄧ种

And the one in China at that time

被殖民很久之后的一个国际地位

An international status long after being colonized

然后为了什么这个富国强兵

And then for what this rich country strengthens the army

为了力图振作什么这样

In an attempt to cheer up what is like this

各种的现实的政治的目的

Various realistic political purposes

以至于我们对于文学也都抱着一种

So much so that we all have one kind of literature

顺应当时需要的一种眼光来看待

Look at it with the kind of vision that was needed at the time

所以简单说

So simply put

以这一个胡适的白话文学史做为代表

Represented by this one Hu Shi's vernacular literary history

它其实就是五四的文学史观的一个体现

It is actually a manifestation of the May Fourth view of literary history

那么首先各位可以看到

So first you can see

胡适他自称

Hu Shi he called himself

他是所谓的历史进化的文学观

He is a literary view of what he calls historical evolution

他为什么写白话文学史

Why he wrote the history of vernacular literature

他说因为他认为

He said because he thought

中国文学就是在一个历史进化的情况底下

Chinese literature is under the circumstances of a historical evolution

所以进展到今天的白话文

So progress to today's vernacular text

所以白话文是最进步的

So vernacular is the most progressive

是革新的

It's revolutionary

那么以前的文言文

Then the previous text

骈文这些东西

These things

都是老旧的没有意义的文字遊戏

It's all old meaningless word games

是文人们的自说自话

It is the literati's self-talk

要如何如何之类

How to do it and so on

可是请注意

But please note

这一套说法背后的那ㄧ个理论是什么呢

What is the theory behind this set of claims?

各位请你们注意一下

Please pay attention to it

其实是来自西方

It's actually from the West

就是所谓的演化观

It is the so-called evolutionary view

他们把那ㄧ个

They put that one

简单说

Simply put

我觉得达尔文是天才

I think Darwin was a genius

在他在加拉巴哥群岛有没有

In his Galapagos there is no

那时候他才 26 岁

He was 26 years old

就已经奠定他将来进化观的各种基础

He had already laid the foundations for his future view of evolution

他是个天才

He's a genius

我非常崇拜他

I adore him very much

但是你不可以把他的观念应用在人文上面

But you can't apply his ideas to the humanities

这是完全两回事情

It's two completely different things

生物的演化跟人文的是不同的领域

The evolution of living things is a different field from the humanities

但是很不幸的是

But unfortunately

即便在西方

Even in the West

他们都已经把那一套进化观用在人文历史的解释上

They have all applied that view of evolution to the interpretation of human history

尤其是英国的那个 Spencer

Especially the one in the UK Spencer

他的自然演化说

His theory of natural evolution

他的说法的重点是

The point of his statement is

他认为所谓的自然演化

He thinks so-called natural evolution

是一种从简单到复杂的一个进展法则

It is a law of progress from simple to complex

那在这样的一个观念底下

That's underneath such a concept

就是越晚出的就一定越好

That is, the later out, the better

所谓的后出转精

The so-called post-spermation

后来居上

The pupil surpasses the master

那这就是一种所谓的进步的观念

Then this is a so-called progressive concept

那结果他把这个自然演化应用在文学的解释上

As a result, he applied this natural evolution to literary interpretation

他就会认为说那文学为什么会是进展的

He would think why literature is progressing

从过去到后来

From the past to the later

为什么从谢灵运到杜甫之类

Why from Xie Lingyun to Du Fu and the like

所以用这一套理论套上去之后

So after using this set of theories to put it on

他就会认为

He would think

文学终究会朝着某种固定的方向

Literature will eventually move in a certain fixed direction

或者是观念

Or an idea

或者是某一个目标去发展

Or a certain goal to develop

好像人类整体一两千年的文学作品

It's like the literature of humanity as a whole for a thousand or two thousand years

背后有一个看不见的目标在引领它前进

There is an invisible goal behind it that is leading it forward

所以最终白话文一定会胜利

So in the end, the vernacular will definitely win

这样懂意思吗

Does that mean?

这是他们的观念

This is their concept

所以他们这一派的意见就认为

So their opinion is that

撰写文学史的人

A writer of literary history

你就应该要描述甚至证明

You should want to describe or even prove

这样的一个文学精神开展的过程

Such a process of literary spirit unfolds

然后中间有各种阻碍这样的一个

Then there are all kinds of obstacles in the middle of such a one

人类精神进步的过程

The process of human spiritual progress

是怎么样被克服的

How it was overcome

而最后实现了这一个伟大的目标

And in the end, this great goal was achieved

就是什么贫民胜利对不对

It's what the poor people win, right?

白话文最优秀

Vernacular is the best

因为它是能够让每个人都来抒发自我的一种工具

Because it is a tool that allows everyone to express themselves

所以骈文啦七律诗都不好

Therefore, the seven laws of the poems are not good

这个是胡适把它用过来之后

This is after Hu Shi used it

产生的一个结果

Produces a result

当然中国文学最早还是必须要追踪到先秦

Of course, Chinese literature must first trace back to the pre-Qin

我知道有些文学史的写作

I know some literary history writing

会把他们的开宗明义第一篇

Will put their opening words in the first part

放在那个考古文物上面的什么铭文篆刻这些东西

What inscriptions on top of that archaeological artifact are inscribed with these things

但是那些东西我认为

But those things I think

它根本不是文学作品也不具有文学因素

It is not a literary work at all nor does it have a literary element

所以我们完全不谈

So we don't talk about it at all

我们要谈的就是

That's what we're going to talk about

它已经是一个文字

It is already a text

所构成的一个有脉络的

The composition of a veined

有机的

organic

而且是可以用文学的角度

And it can be used from a literary point of view

去理解的那些对象上

to understand those objects on

所以请各位看一下

So please take a look

我们的讲义基本上分为两大类

Our handouts are basically divided into two broad categories

各位请看

Take a look

第一类以先秦的文学来说

The first category is in terms of pre-Qin literature

第一类是非纯文学的部份

The first category is the part of impure literature

第二类是纯文学的部份

The second category is the part of pure literature

这就是先秦时代我所划分的两个类型

These are the two types I divided into in the pre-Qin era

但是请各位注意一下

But please pay attention

第一类为什么我分出一个非纯文学的部份

The first category is why I divide a part that is not pure literature

正是因为刚刚所说的

Exactly what has just been said

这些非纯文学作品

These are not purely literary works

事实上里面包含了很重要的文学因素

In fact, it contains very important literary elements

而且它确实也在后来的文学史上面有重要的影响

And it did have an important influence on later literary history

所以我们必须区分出来

So we have to make a distinction

也做一些交代

Also do some accounting

那请各位注意一下

Then please pay attention to it

非纯文学的部份首先第一个就是神话类

The first part of the non-pure literature is mythology

神话本身不是严格意义的文学作品

Mythology itself is not a work of literature in the strict sense

但是它的情节人物构设

But its plot character construction

以及很多的基本意象

And a lot of basic imagery

甚至一个世界观宇宙观

Even a worldview cosmology

对后来的文学写作都有深远的影响

It had a profound influence on later literary writing

一直到《红楼梦》不也用女娲补天

Until "Dream of the Red Chamber" did not also use Nuwa to make up for the sky

来打开它的叙事架构吗

To open its narrative structure

所以你就可想而知神话影响太过深远

So you can imagine that the myth has too far-reaching effects

那我们这个是非纯文学的这个部份的第一类

Then we are the first category of this part of non-pure literature

那么第二类就是历史着作

Then the second category is historymake

那么历史着作各位都知道事实上它属于史学

Then all of you know that in the historiography is in fact historiography

可是在中国的文字书写的早期发展

But the early development of chinese writing

事实上常常是文史哲不分对不对

In fact, it is often the literature and history that do not distinguish between right and wrong

那尤其历史着作它因为涉及到人物

That is especially historical writings because it involves characters

事件的这些描述

These descriptions of events

它事实上跟叙事文学是有很高度的关系

It is actually highly related to narrative literature

所以这个我们也把它划分进来

So we're going to divide it into that

变成先秦文学里面的一个重要的

It became an important one in pre-Qin literature

必须要注意到的一个单元

A unit that must be noted

那所以现在先回到

So now back to it

我们非纯文学部份的第一类就是神话类

The first category of our non-pure literature is mythology

那神话当然事实上

That myth certainly is true

恐怕比文字更早

I'm afraid it's earlier than words

就已经在初民的思维

It was already in the minds of the first people

以及他们的口耳之间相传

And their word of mouth

那记录的是什么呢

So what is recorded

记录的是他们对于这个世界的认识

What is recorded is their understanding of the world

对于他们现在所面临到的

For what they are facing now

这个周遭自然万物的解释

This explanation of the nature around it

甚至于对于人类的命运

Even for the fate of mankind

也提出他们的一套看法

Their set of views was also presented

那所以它甚至可能在有文字之前

So it might even be before there were words

就已经在口头之间流传

It's already circulating between words

所以我们把它放在最前面的原因是因为

So the reason we put it at the front is because

从时间的发生学来说

From the perspective of the occurrence of time

它是最早的

It is the earliest

那后来才慢慢有了文字之后

That was only after that there were slowly words

再把它记录下来

Record it again

那有文字记录之后

That has a written record afterwards

主要是被收纳在哪些作品里面呢

Mainly in which works are included

各位请看一下

Take a look

主要的有《山海经》

The main ones are the Classic of Mountains and Seas.

那有《庄子》

There's Zhuangzi.

有《楚辞》

There is "Chu Ci"

有《穆天子传》

There is "The Biography of Mu Tianzi"

有《淮南子》和《列子》

There are "Huainanzi" and "Liezi"

这大概就是最重要的六部

These are probably the six most important

保留跟蒐罗神话最多的文献作品

The largest collection of documentary works of the Helmoro myth

各位不要误会

Don't get me wrong

其中的《楚辞》标准的是一篇文学作品对不对

Among them, the criterion of "Chu Ci" is a literary work, right

所以不要误会

So don't get me wrong

我说我把《楚辞》放在这里是指

I said I meant to put the Chu Ci here

《楚辞》中所含有的神话

The myth contained in the Chu Ci

那个神话是非纯文学部份

That myth is a non-purely literary part

这样懂意思吗

Does that mean?

但是非纯文学部份的神话

But not pure literary part of the myth

它可以被保留在非纯文学作品里面

It can be preserved in non-pure literary works

也可以被保留在纯文学作品里面

It can also be preserved in purely literary works

这样听得懂喔

That makes sense

所以这个是没有问题的

So this one is no problem

那我们就来看一下那什么叫做神话

So let's look at what is called a myth

那神话是这样子的

That myth goes like this

事实上因为神话有各式各样的定义

In fact, because myths have various definitions

那我找几个比较有价值的说法

Then I will find a few more valuable statements

来给各位做参考

For your reference

请注意喔

Please note

神话最原始的定义

The most primitive definition of mythology

老实说也是最没有价值的一个定义

Honestly, it's also the least valuable definition

就是

It is

神话说的是神的故事

Myths tell the story of The Gods

这个事实上是最早最早的神话的现象

This is in fact the earliest mythical phenomenon

可是老早已经不能够含括神话的重要价值

But the elders have long been able to contain the important value of myths

所以神话早就不是什么

So myths are long gone

只讲神的故事而已

Just tell God's story

所以我们扬弃

So we give up

但是你们可以参考

But you can refer to it

可是我们基本上不在这边用这样的角度来谈

But we basically don't talk about it from this perspective here

那所以简单说

So let's put it simply

透过一些学者们深入对于神话的价值的认识

Through some scholars, they have gained insight into the value of mythology

他告诉我们说

He told us

神话是什么呢

What is the myth?

神话是原始人类的综合的意识形态

Mythology is the combined ideology of primitive humans

是他们对世界的认识和解释

It is their knowledge and interpretation of the world

是他们的百科全书式的知识体系

It's their encyclopedic body of knowledge

又是他们的愿望的表达

Again it is the expression of their wishes

但是各位要注意

But beware

你不要因此以为

Don't think of it

原始人类的那一个原始思维

The primitive mind of a primitive human being

所产生的原始神话

The resulting primitive myth

就比较落后

It's just lagging behind

比较粗浅

Relatively superficial

甚至迷信

Even superstition

那你就大错特错了

Then you're dead wrong

西方尤其是欧洲学术界最优秀的学者

The best scholars in the West, especially in European academia

包括 Lévi-Strauss 李维史陀

Includes Lévi-Strauss Levi Strauss

还有卡西勒

And Casille

还有很多很多重要的学者

There are many, many important scholars

他们一致都告诉我们说

They all told us unanimously

事实上神话的内容

In fact the content of the myth

里面有无比严谨的逻辑跟结构

There is an incomparably rigorous logic and structure in it

跟我们现代人自以为非常先进

With us modern people think we are very advanced

文明的人类的严格性是完全一样的

The rigors of civilized humanity are exactly the same

那是因为你不懂

That's because you don't understand

所以你才觉得他们是迷信是胡说

That's why you think they're superstitious and

不是的

No

它里面有一套非常严谨的结构

It has a very rigorous structure inside

然后呢他们体现出

And then they embody

人类的内在心灵是多么地迷人

How fascinating the human inner mind is

它并没有时间先后的差别

There is no time difference

所以没有所谓的线性进步意识的问题

So there is no question of so-called linear progressive consciousness

以盘古开天来讲就是很清楚的告诉你

Taking Pangu Kaitian as far as it is clear to tell you

为什么会有天会有地

Why is there a heaven and a place

会有大地

There will be earth

会有泥土

There will be mud

会有日月星辰

There will be the sun, moon and stars

听过嘛

I've heard of it

考你们

Test you guys

盘谷死了之后

After Pangu died

这个又有另外一个名词

This has another noun

以西方的角度来讲

From a Western perspective

盘谷死了之后是不是他的遗体各个部份

After Pangu died, it was not the various parts of his body

就化为这个天地宇宙的构成对不对

It is right to become the composition of this heaven and earth universe

那先考你们

Then test you first

我等一下再告诉你们

I'll tell you later

他死后呢他身体的骨骼变成了世界的什么构成

After his death, the bones of his body became what constituted the world

那牙齿变成什么呢

What did that tooth become?

眼睛

eye

肌肉

muscles

那他的血管变成甚么

What did his blood vessels become?

其中一个好玩的是

One of the fun things is

请问

Excuse me

他的头发变成什么

What his hair turned into